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In Kalimantan, oil palm has expanded even faster: from 13,140 hectares in 1984 to nearly one million hectares at the end of 2003. While much of this new land brought under cultivation is less than ideal for oil palm, the crop's low maintenance, combined with growing demand and lack of other viable economic options in the region, make it a low-risk investment for large estate owners. Studies underway in Western Kalimantan by Lisa Curran, suggest an annual internal rate of return of 26% over a 25 year period for oil palm plantations larger than 10,000 hectares, though small holdings are considerably less lucrative. Large plantations owners are aided by subsidies that include crude processing facilities and roads.